Democracy

Husatlasz

HÚSATLASZ

Kiadvány

Ez az atlasz mindazokat hivatott támogatni, akik a klímaigazságosságra és az élelmiszer-önrendelkezésre törekszenek, és akik meg akarják védeni a természetet. A kiadvány új adatokat és tényeket tár fel, és kapcsolatot teremt a különböző kulcsfontosságú kérdések között, így döntő módon járul hozzá ahhoz a munkához, amelyet sokan végeznek az ipari hústermelésből eredő problémák megvilágítása érdekében.

ROVARATLASZ

ROVARATLASZ

Kiadvány

Az ebben az atlaszban közölt alapvető tényekkel és adatokkal szeretnénk hozzájárulni a mezőgazdaság és a rovarok témájában kialakuló életteli párbeszédhez. Szándékunk, hogy megmutassuk, mekkora szükség van a mezőgazdaság és a rovarok túlélése érdekében ambiciózus szakpolitikai lépésekre, nemcsak az Európai Unió területén, hanem világszerte is.

image of Viktor Orbán walking confidently among photographers

The building of Hungarian political influence

International influence-building is a legitimate goal pursued by all nations to expand their room for manoeuvre and enforce their political, security and economic interests. However, Orbán’s influence-building efforts have several specific features that differ from the practice of democratic countries. This study by Political Capital analyses Orbán’s international alliance building efforts.

Stories of Feminist Mobilisation:

Under the banner “For Feminist Mobilisation”, the Global Feminist Pitch 2022 wanted to give attention to feminist movements that do not get the deserved space in the public discourse. Twelve feminists from Brazil, Syria, Jamaica, Belarus, Venezuela, Kenya, Romania, the Philippines, Nigeria, Nepal, and Hungary had the opportunity write about the feminist mobilisation in their respective regions in a format of their choice. The result is “Stories of Feminist Mobilisation”.

ROMA LGBTIQ MINORITY

The Roma LGBTIQ Minority and its Status in Selected EU Countries (CZ, SK, HU)

The present analytical report on the situation of LGBTIQ Roma is part of the project Roma LGBTIQ go visible: supporting activities for Roma LGBTIQ minority, implemented by ARA ART in conjunction with Quo Vadis and Diverse Youth Network, and funded by the European Union’s Rights, Equality and Citizenship Programme (2014-2020). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic research study of its kind within the European Union that provides not just theoretical, but also practical insight into multiple/intersectional discrimination with respect to the situation of LGBTIQ Roma from the perspective of public authorities and CSOs working in the field.

Current Populism in Europe

Current Populism in Europe

Publication

The book Current Populism in Europe: Gender-Backlash and Counter-strategies aims at exploring populism from various new conceptual, empirical and methodological perspectives.

Political integration of Hungarian students, 2019

After a four-year absence, the Active Youth (Aktív Fiatalok) Research Group has returned with a new survey about the political attitudes of higher education students in Hungary. The significance of this year’s findings relies on the fact that the political views of the majority of students sampled in this most recent survey – including some born as recently as 2000 – were formed during consecutive terms of prime minister Viktor Orbán and his government, considered by many political scientists and commentators to be a hybrid regime.

Political integration of Hungarian students, 2019

After a four-year absence, the Active Youth (Aktív Fiatalok) Research Group has
returned with a new survey about the political attitudes of higher education students
in Hungary. The significance of this year’s findings relies on the fact that the political
views of the majority of students sampled in this most recent survey – including
some born as recently as 2000 – were formed during consecutive terms of prime
minister Viktor Orbán and his government, considered by many political scientists
and commentators to be a hybrid regime.

Phantom Menace. The Politics and Policies of Migration in Central Europe

Despite the presence of migration in the discourse of politicians, media and the general public in recent years, there is a persistent lack of facts about the life situations and motivations of newcomers to Europe. With this book the the Heinrich Böll Foundation and the Institute for Public Affairs aim to contribute to a fact-based debate on the politics and policies of migration in Central Europe. 

The Centrifugal Civilization and Challenges for Progressive Policy NGOs

Check the new think piece by social scientist Petr Lebeda. It is asking two questions: why has there been so strong an onset to this “populist backlash” against solidarity, equality, civil and minority rights, environmental responsibility and various forms of pluralism so fast and across so many countries and what might the NGOs advocating progressive policies do to address its deeper causes in the longer term?

Restless Cities: Lessons from Central Europe

Restless Cities: Lessons from Central Europe is a publication that reflects a year-long training programme of the Prague office of the Heinrich Böll Foundation focusing on understanding the political aspects of urban planning in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. It consists of four thematic chapters that offer introductions into each topic, short texts by selected invited experts, participants’ views, and key learnings about sustainability and politics. The authors of the texts are not just the experts who contributed to the training programme, but also the participants themselves share their learnings and views herein. We hope this book will help readers to understand the often-invisible areas where urban planning moves from the realm of expertise-only into the realm of political action and that it will inspire readers to further political learning and engagement.

Civic Strategies Against Governmental Populism and Hate Campaigns

The interpretation of the Hungarian “illiberal state,” in terms of political philosophy and political science outlines a set-up in which even though the constitutional institutions typical of democracies still formally exist, they however no longer function—even while occasionally adopting decisions that comply with constitutionality—as intended at the system level: Instead of serving as true checks on how the government wields power, they function as institutions stabilising the autocratic workings of the state.

This paper aims to examine one of the crucial features of how “illiberal states” operate, namely populist and inflammatory government communication that seeks to make public debate hegemonistic and the closely related government actions intended to silence critical opinions, together with the legal instruments available to counter these things.

Gender and the Energy Sector

Romana Marková Volejníčková, Marie Pospíšilová and Alena Křížková from the Institute of Sociology, Czech Academy of Sciences, in cooperation with the Prague office of the Heinrich Böll Foundation, have collaborated on the preparation of the Czech-language publication Gender a energetika (“Gender and the Energy Sector”). The English translation which you are now reading is an excerpt from this publication and contains the most significant research findings and recommendations in the individual thematic areas.

Building Blocks for a Renewed Human Rights Narrative

This study aims to lay the foundations of a collaboration that can be joined by other organisations still being formed, as well as by actors sharing human rights values who can reach out to additional potential supporters. This text is designed to be continuously expanded in the future, so as to further incorporate increasingly sensitive analyses along with a growing pool of creative ideas and recommendations.

Refugees, Asylum and Migration Issues in Hungary

How far does Budapest's influence extend? How has the "refugee crisis" affected regional cooperation? This study gives background information, facts and data on the last three years of the “refugee crisis”: its social, political, policy and diplomatic repercussions. An analysis of the Orbán government’s rhetoric and policy measures with regard to refugee, asylum and migration issues, highlighting the regional context.

Menenkültügy és migráció Magyarországon

Milyen messze terjed Budapest befolyása? Hogyan hatott a menekültválság" a regionális együttműködésre? E tanulmány fontos háttérinformációkkal, tényekkel és adatokkal ismerteti meg az olvasót a „menekültválság” elmúlt három évéről, és annak társadalmi, politikai, szakpolitikai és diplomáciai utóhatásairól. Az Orbán-kormány menekültekkel, menedék- és migrációs ügyekkel kapcsolatos retorikáját és szakpolitikai lépéseit elemzi, de be is mutatja azok regionális kontextusát.

German Greens in Coalition Government

How does good governing work? How does government participation change the decision-making processes and the political objectives of a party? The study by Arne Jungjohann analyzes Green government participation of previous years and arrives at interesting conclusions.

Focus on Hungary: Refugees, Asylum and Migration

The Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung commissioned a study by Political Capital entitled “Focus on Hungary: Refugees, Asylum and Migration”. The authors of the study analyse the Orbán Government’s rhetoric and policy measures with regard to refugee, asylum and migration issues. 

Diverging Voices, Converging Policies: The Visegrad States’ Reactions to the Russia-Ukraine Conflict

The annexation of Crimea in March 2014 and the launch of a hybrid war against Ukraine was Russia’s answer to the revolution triggered by Euromaidan. The conflict continues to pose fundamental challenges for the European Union, and raises the question of whether the EU will maintain its commitment to the political and economic consolidation of those of its Eastern neighbours which aim to make sovereign choices based on the rule of law and democracy.

Exit, Voice, Loyalty and Neglect – Political attitudes of Hungarian university and college students

The Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung has commissioned the second volume of the study to further
examine existing and new tendencies of Hungarian youth regarding their political choices and the reasons behind them. While previously only students who reside in the country were in the focus, the scope of this recent study has been extended to include the political involvement and attitudes of that part of the Hungarian youth who already are emigrating or are planning to soon move abroad.

Berlin Anthology: From where I shan’t return

The International Literature Festival Berlin, together with the Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, has called on authors to contemplate the fates of refugees and asylum-seekers in literary form. Twenty-two authors from fifteen different countries answered this call in poems, short prose and essays. The perspectives and insights are just as different as individual motives, destinies, and experiences.

Anti-Gender Movements on the Rise?

The concept of "gender backlash" encompasses too activities pursued by a multitude of different local initiatives all over Central and Eastern Europe, which strongly promote tradition over equality. In many cases these groups appear to be backed and inspired both by influential US-American “pro life” organisations as well as the Kremlin’s "Gay-rope" propaganda, which aims to discredit the European Union as a place of moral decline. The contributors to this publication express grave concern about the current situation of gender equality and LGBTI rights in Central and Eastern Europe but give reason for hope too.

 

Enthusiastic consumers, non-committed Democrats – A study about the relationship of youth to Democracy in Hungary

Since the transition, the liberal democratic system has produced a strong economic socialization effect on young Hungarians, educating them to become “good consumers” who have to a large extent embraced the goods offered by the global cultural and entertainment industry. In cooperation with the Heinrich Böll Foundation the Political Capital Institute prepared a study with a view to getting a better grasp of the factors underpinning widespread disillusionment with ‘democracy’, and uncovering the reasons behind the low levels of political activity among young people in Hungary.

Alternative Politics? The Rise of New Political Parties in Central Europe

April 9, 2013

The Institute for Public Affairs released its new analytical publication – the book "Alternative Politics? The Rise of New Parties in Central Europe" edited by Grigorij Mesežnikov, Oľga Gyárfášová and Zora Bútorová. Authors from Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland address the phenomenon of new political parties, their ideological and programmatic profile, political activities, electoral support and personal background.

Perspectives #2 May 2011, Special Issue: People's Power - The Arab World in Revolt

The self-immolation of young and jobless Tunisian Mohamed Bouazizi in the provincial town of Sidi Bouzid, being deprived of his vegetable stand and humiliated by the authorities, triggered popular movements and historic events in the Arab World completely unexpected in their magnitude...The renown authors in the special edition of “Perspectives Middle East”, a journal of the hbs office in Beirut, address many questions posed by this rapid development.

The Czech and the Slovak Parliaments after the Lisbon Treaty

This publication is an output of a project called "New role of the national parliaments in the EU decision-making processes: previous experience and new challenges pursuant to the Lisbon Treaty", undertaken by EUROPEUM Institute for European Policy together with the Institute of Public Affairs in Warsaw and Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik in Berlin with the financial support of Heinrich Böll Foundation.

TWENTY YEARS AFTER: POST-COMMUNIST COUNTRIES AND EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

In the words of the Polish journalist and dissident, Adam Michnik, 1989 was Europe’s annus mirabilis. The peaceful revolution of that year was a miracle effected by the people in central and eastern Europe. Hardly any one (and certainly no western head of state or politician) had foreseen that a popular movement active in different countries would, in just a few months, topple socialist regimes and force the mighty Soviet Union to retreat behind the borders of Russia.

Polish Shades of Green: Green Ideas and Political Powers in Poland

The publication of the European Green Foundation attempts to find answers for the question about the future of Green politics in Poland. The publication stems from the research ordered in 2008 by the Heinrich Böll Foundation and coordinated by Przemysław Sadura. The research concerned the prevailing reception of Green ideas and perception of Green political powers by the Polish society. On its bases, the Author analysed the Greens’ chances of finding a permanent place on the Polish political scene.

EU policy toward the Western Balkans – Regional Perspective

There is no doubt that the states of the Western Balkans belong to the European Union. However, their road to the EU is by no means an easy one. The entire Western Balkan region is not only encumbered by the maladies related to its communist past, but also by the problems the region has more recently experienced due to the horrors of war. Many of the ethnic tensions have not yet cooled down.

Petra Kelly. A Remembrance.

She was one of the best known personalities during the 1980s; an icon of the global ban-the-bomb and peace movements and a protagonist for ecology and human rights. But all this is not just history - it is worth reflecting on what has remained valuable until the present day. Extracts from original texts, six essays on her life and work and many photographs trace the most important stations in her life.

Green Identity in a Changing Europe

The German Greens first fielded candidates nation-wide in the 1979 European Parliament elections. The Sonstige Politische Vereinigung DIE GRÜNEN, polling 3.25% of the vote, surprised everybody and this was a decisive factor in the founding of a national party, Die Grünen, the following year.

The Future of the European Union and Green Policy

This publication presents a discussion of the future of the EU from a Green perspective. In what direction should the European Union head now? What should the future distribution of tasks between the EU institutions and the Member States look like?

Women in Times of Change: 1989-2009

In the face of the lack of public debate on the role of women in the time of transformation, the publication of the Heinrich Böll Foundation Regional Office in Warsaw attempts to present a multidimensional dialogue about the transformation experiences, giving voice to women. The Authors of the publication judge the past twenty years of reforms from the point of view of women from the former countries of the Eastern Bloc: the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine and former East Germany.

Gender Issues 2008: Gender-Sensitive Education in the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovak Republic and Ukraine

Assuming that it is important not only to implement the “hard core” EU legislation concerning the equality policy, but to implement it in the areas within competences of EU member countries as well, in 2008 the Warsaw Office of the Heinrich Böll Foundation, in cooperation with partner organisations from the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Ukraine, implemented a project analysing the system of education in individual countries in the context of gender equality.

International Politics

Feminist Development Policy

This brief contains recommendations for practitioners of the international development sector to shift the status quo of development and move towards feminist global collaboration.

Practicing Feminist Foreign Policy in the Everyday: A Toolkit

Explainer

Feminist foreign policy is emerging as a new paradigm in international relations. The concept raises expectations of a more peaceful and just foreign policy, but its theoretical dimension and practical implementation are often not clearly defined. This toolkit tries to close this gap and clarify key terms of feminist foreign policy, as well as outline the practical application of the feminist approach to international diplomacy, to security, environmental, development, trade and migration policy.

Ecology

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How to Design a City for Life

Comic book

Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung Prague publishes a new comic book "How to Design a City for Life?", which presents 8 areas in which more efficient planning can increase the city’s resilience. The chapters provide basic insight into topics such as energy systems, urban gardening, water retention or green transit, and the comic book could be a useful tool for local council employees, schools or activists.

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Hogyan tervezzünk (túl-)élő várost?

Comics

A Heinrich Böll Alapítvány prágai irodája bemutatja "Hogyan tervezzünk (túl-) élő várost?" című új kiadványát, amely képregény formában jár körül 8 olyan területet, amelyeken a hatékonyabb tervezés növelheti városaink ellenállóképességét az éghajlatváltozás következményeivel szemben.

Governing Ecologically

In voter surveys, the German Greens regularly come out as the party deemed to have by far the greatest competency in this area and in energy policy as well. This study by Arne Jungjohann tries to answer if this image is justified, as it looks at the subnational level of the federal states.

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Húsatlasz

Food is a necessity. Food is personal. Food also has political and ethical dimensions that continually pose new questions about responsibility. The way in which we produce and consume meat affects many aspects of our lives and our environment: health, animal protection, food safety, agriculture, trade, environment and climate impacts are only some of these dimensions. In the Hungarian edition of the Meat Atlas ("Húsatlasz") we describe and illustrate these relationshops with an added chapter specifically focusing on the Hungarian context and data. 

Coal Atlas: Facts and figures on a fossil fuel

Our Coal Atlas contains the latest facts and figures on the use of coal and its environmental and social consequences. With more than 60 detailed graphics, the atlas illustrates the coal industry’s impact on nature, health, labour, human rights and politics.

Soil Atlas: Facts and figures about earth, land and fields

Through misuse, we lose 24 billion tonnes of fertile soil every year. For the International Year of Soils in 2015, this Atlas shows, why the soil should concern us all. Jointly published by the Heinrich Böll Foundation and the Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies.

Resource Politics for a Fair Future: A Memorandum of the Heinrich Böll Foundation

From the extraction of tar sands in North America to large-scale land purchases in Africa and from China’s investment in the Mekong region to mining and soya production in Latin America – the global resources bonanza is a fact. But all this use of natural resources doesn’t respect the ecological limits of our world and it doesn’t result in a fair distribution of the profits.

Greening the Heartlands of Coal in Europe – Insights from a Czech-German-Polish Dialogue on Energy Issues

The Heinrich Böll Foundation presents a new publication entitled "Greening the Heartlands of Coal in Europe – Insights from a Czech-German-Polish Dialogue on Energy Issues". This study is the product of a trilateral expert group which met regularly during 2013 at the invitation of the Heinrich Böll Foundation and Ecologic Institute to discuss the influence of the German energy transformation on Germany’s neighbours – Poland and the Czech Republic.

Meat Atlas - Facts and figures about the animals we eat

The way in which we produce and consume meat affects many aspects of our lives and our environment: health, animal protection, food safety, agriculture, trade, environment and climate impacts are only some of these dimensions. Our new publication, Meat Atlas 2014, describes and illustrates these relationships.

Study: A European Union for Renewable Energy

The Heinrich Böll Foundation commissioned a working group of experts from politics, industry, applied science and civil society considering the challenges of European energy security, economic competitiveness and sustainability and the need to convince governments, businesses and European citizens of the practical feasibilty of a common European vision.

Energy of the Future? Nuclear energy in Central and Eastern Europe

The Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, in cooperation with Hnutí DUHA and the Czech branch of the international organisation WISE, has attempted to describe in greater detail the causes and manifestations of nuclear energy’s exceptional position in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The result is this publication, which contains contributions by experts from five countries in the region: the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary and Bulgaria.

Sharing Solutions: Transatlantic Cooperation for a low carbon economy

This publication analyzes conditions for progressive climate and energy policy at the regional and state level. It discusses how regions with a strong coal, manufacturing or rural economy are affected by climate and energy policies, and how new policies should be designed to soften the impact of structural change toward a low-carbon economy.

A Green New Deal for Europe - Towards green modernization in the face of crisis

In the face of the current multiple crisis (financial, economic, social, environmental), the need for sustainable policies is self-evident. The Green New Deal is the integrated policy approach that Greens in Europe are putting forward as a solution to the crisis. The current report by the Wuppertal Institute analyzes in depth the climate, environment and energy aspects of this proposal.

Green New Deal

There is a centrist idea of a Green New Deal that is being discussed worldwide as a response to the dual economic and environmental crises. As different as these two concepts may be, they share a common core: both first require a great leap toward a sustainable economy.

European Community for Renewable Energies - ERENE

The global energy system is undergoing a structural crisis. At its heart lies the need to restrain climatic change while at the same time dealing with energy security in an era of rapidly growing demand. The widening gap between rising demand for energy and limited resources of oil and gas has, together with speculation, increased fuel prices to record levels. This in turn has raised the spectre of a recession. These combined challenges pose a significant threat to international economic and political stability. The current make-up of the European Union, with its flagging institutional reform owing to the Irish No vote, is ill-equipped to deal with these challenges. An outdated Nice treaty that does not reflect the new realities of an EU with 27 members is impeding effective decision-making, thereby undermining the EU’s role in a rapidly changing international system that is increasingly being shaped by rising powers such as China, India and Russia. The urgency for institutional reform is quite clear to everyone. Nevertheless, in times like these the EU cannot limit itself to institutional reform alone.

Refocusing Europe's Leadership Role in Climate Change

What europe must understand is that its real leadership ambition should concentrate on being the first to create a low carbon economy. the real breakthrough for climate policy will not come through diplomacy. Rather, the breakthrough will come as countries learn to understand that saving the climate will help save their economies and safeguard their security.

Building the 21st Century Transmission Super Grid

Plans to increase the penetration of renewable electrical generation into the United States face a number of challenges. The country needs a super-grid which overlays the existing high voltage transmission system, connecting the country from coast to coast and allowing thousands of MW to be transferred over hundreds of miles. A single authority, in this case federal, needs to assert overall control of transmission line siting in the United States.

Fairness in Global Climate Change Finance

It is now well established that action to avoid dangerous climate change must take place according to the principles of ‘responsibility and capability’, and the UN’s Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) subscribes to this view. Morally and in political terms developed countries should lead global mitigation by making significant domestic emissions reductions.

New Finance for Climante Change and the Environment

The world has moved beyond simple acknowledgement that climate change and environmental degradation pose significant risks to humanity and the planet’s ecosystems. In recognition of the increased vulnerability of billions of people, mostly in the developing world, Northern donors have pledged billions of dollars in new financial commitments. Those funds are to be delivered through no fewer than a dozen new environmental funding mechanisms seeking to mitigate these risks and to help the most vulnerable to adapt to coming societal and environmental changes.

Climate Change: Does nuclear power offer a solution to climate change?

The deep divide over nuclear power is nearly as old as its commercial use. The early dreams of its proponents have faded, whereas the high risks have remained, as well as the danger of misuse by military interests. Terrorism has introduced a dramatic, concrete threat. Global warming and the finite nature of fossil fuels do not dispel the major safety issues associated with nuclear power, and the ‘accident-proof’ reactor has remained an unfulfilled promise now for decades.

The Economics of Nuclear Power: Is nuclear power economically viable? What are the economic risks?

The deep divide over nuclear power is nearly as old as its commercial use. The early dreams of its proponents have faded, whereas the high risks have remained, as well as the danger of misuse by military interests. Terrorism has introduced a dramatic, concrete threat. Global warming and the finite nature of fossil fuels do not dispel the major safety issues associated with nuclear power, and the ‘accident-proof’ reactor has remained an unfulfilled promise now for decades.

Nuclear Energy and Proliferation: On the connection between the civil and military use of nuclear power?

The deep divide over nuclear power is nearly as old as its commercial use. The early dreams of its proponents have faded, whereas the high risks have remained, as well as the danger of misuse by military interests. Terrorism has introduced a dramatic, concrete threat. Global warming and the finite nature of fossil fuels do not dispel the major safety issues associated with nuclear power, and the ‘accident-proof’ reactor has remained an unfulfilled promise now for decades.

The Nuclear Fuel Cycle: When will the uranium mines be exhausted? What are the risks of uranium mining? Concepts for the disposal of nuclear waste

The deep divide over nuclear power is nearly as old as its commercial use. The early dreams of its proponents have faded, whereas the high risks have remained, as well as the danger of misuse by military interests. Terrorism has introduced a dramatic, concrete threat. Global warming and the finite nature of fossil fuels do not dispel the major safety issues associated with nuclear power, and the ‘accident-proof’ reactor has remained an unfulfilled promise now for decades.

Nuclear Reactor Hazards: Old and new reactor types, and new hazards

The deep divide over nuclear power is nearly as old as its commercial use. The early dreams of its proponents have faded, whereas the high risks have remained, as well as the danger of misuse by military interests. Terrorism has introduced a dramatic, concrete threat. Global warming and the finite nature of fossil fuels do not dispel the major safety issues associated with nuclear power, and the ‘accident-proof’ reactor has remained an unfulfilled promise now for decades.

Nuclear Power - Myth and Reality: About the risks and prospects of nuclear energy. A political summary.

The deep divide over nuclear power is nearly as old as its commercial use. The early dreams of its proponents have faded, whereas the high risks have remained, as well as the danger of misuse by military interests. Terrorism has introduced a dramatic, concrete threat. Global warming and the finite nature of fossil fuels do not dispel the major safety issues associated with nuclear power, and the ‘accident-proof’ reactor has remained an unfulfilled promise now for decades.

The Right to Development in a Climate Constrained World

Climate science tells us that we’ve pushed beyond ‘dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system,’ and are on the verge of committing to catastrophic interference. In this context, it’s necessary to raise our heads, if only for a moment, from the tactical scrum, and to consider brute necessity. - A report by Paul Baer and Tom Athanasiou of EcoEquity and Sivan Kartha of the Stockholm Environment Institute, with the support of Christian Aid and the Heinrich Böll Foundation.